The recovery of the Moroccan Sahara, also known as the Southern Provinces, represents one of the most important and emotional chapters in Morocco’s modern history. It is a story of unity, diplomacy, and the unwavering will of a nation determined to restore its territorial integrity peacefully and lawfully. The Moroccan Sahara issue is not only a political matter; it is a symbol of national pride and the eternal bond between the Moroccan people and their land.
Historical Roots of Moroccan Sovereignty
Long before colonial powers divided Africa, the Sahara had always been part of Morocco’s historical and cultural identity. The Sultans of Morocco exercised authority over the tribes of the Sahara through traditional allegiance, known as “bay‘a,” which connected the Saharan tribes spiritually, politically, and economically to the Moroccan throne.
The region’s historical ties to Morocco were recognized by historians and foreign travelers for centuries. Trade caravans from Timbuktu to Marrakech, traditional festivals, and religious affiliations all confirmed that the Sahara was never a “no man’s land” but an integral part of the Moroccan kingdom.
However, during the late 19th century, the European scramble for Africa led to the Spanish colonization of the Sahara. Spain occupied the region known as “Spanish Sahara” until the mid-1970s, separating it from its historical homeland — Morocco.
The Legal and Diplomatic Struggle
After gaining independence from France and Spain in 1956, Morocco began a long diplomatic campaign to restore its southern provinces. King Mohammed V, and later his successor King Hassan II, insisted on peaceful and legal methods to recover Moroccan lands.
In 1975, Morocco brought the issue to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The Court’s advisory opinion, issued on October 16, 1975, confirmed that there were indeed historical ties of allegiance between the Moroccan sultans and the Saharan tribes — rejecting Spain’s claim that the Sahara was “terra nullius” (land belonging to no one) before colonization.
This legal recognition paved the way for Morocco’s peaceful plan to recover its territories.
The Green March: A Peaceful Revolution
In one of the most remarkable events in 20th-century history, King Hassan II announced the organization of a peaceful mass march to reclaim the Sahara. On November 6, 1975, more than 350,000 Moroccan volunteers — men and women from all regions of the country — marched into the Sahara carrying flags, Qurans, and portraits of their king, without any weapons.
This event, known as The Green March, captured the world’s attention. It was a movement of peace and faith, showing that Morocco’s strength lay not in violence but in unity and justice. The march succeeded in putting pressure on Spain, leading to the signing of the Madrid Accords on November 14, 1975, in which Spain agreed to withdraw and hand over the administration of the territory to Morocco and Mauritania.
The Process of Integration and Development
After recovering its southern provinces, Morocco began a massive process of integration and development. The government invested heavily in infrastructure, education, healthcare, and economic modernization to ensure that the Saharan regions would be fully part of the national economy.
Cities like Laayoune, Dakhla, Smara, and Boujdour were transformed from small colonial outposts into modern urban centers. Morocco built new roads, airports, schools, and hospitals, ensuring that the Saharan population enjoyed the same rights and opportunities as citizens in the north.
In recent years, Dakhla has emerged as a major hub for tourism, fishing, and renewable energy. The city hosts international conferences and attracts investors from around the world, particularly in the fields of wind energy, aquaculture, and logistics.
. The Autonomy Plan: A Vision for the Future
To ensure lasting peace and stability in the region, Morocco proposed an Autonomy Plan in 2007 under the leadership of King Mohammed VI. The plan offers wide-ranging self-governance for the Saharan provinces under Moroccan sovereignty, allowing the local population to manage their own affairs in areas such as culture, economy, and administration.
The United Nations and the international community have recognized this plan as serious, credible, and realistic, viewing it as the best path toward a final political solution.
. Growing International Support
Over the past two decades, Morocco has achieved remarkable diplomatic victories. Dozens of countries from Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America have opened consulates in Laayoune and Dakhla, affirming their support for Morocco’s sovereignty over the Sahara.
A historic milestone came in December 2020, when the United States officially recognized Morocco’s sovereignty over the Sahara, following decades of close cooperation and mutual respect between the two nations. Many other countries have since followed this example, contributing to Morocco’s growing international legitimacy.
. Economic and Social Progress in the Region
The Sahara today stands as one of the most dynamic regions in Morocco. The government’s New Development Model for the Southern Provinces, launched in 2015, has generated billions of dollars in investment projects aimed at creating jobs, reducing inequality, and enhancing sustainability.
Key projects include:
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The Tiznit-Dakhla Expressway, connecting the Sahara to northern Morocco.
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Dakhla Atlantic Port, designed to strengthen Morocco’s position as a trade hub between Africa and Europe.
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Major investments in solar and wind energy, making the region a future leader in renewable resources.
Additionally, cultural and educational programs have been developed to preserve Saharan traditions, languages, and crafts, reinforcing the region’s rich heritage within the Moroccan identity.
. The Human Dimension: Pride and Patriotism
For the Moroccan people, the Sahara issue is deeply emotional. Every year on November 6, Moroccans celebrate the anniversary of the Green March, waving flags, singing national songs, and honoring the courage of their ancestors.
This celebration reminds every Moroccan, young and old, that the Sahara is not just a territory — it is a symbol of unity, dignity, and peace.
. Challenges and the Path Ahead
Despite Morocco’s progress, some challenges remain due to the Polisario Front’s claims, backed by Algeria. However, Morocco continues to advocate for a peaceful and diplomatic resolution under the United Nations framework, emphasizing dialogue, cooperation, and respect for sovereignty.
King Mohammed VI has repeatedly reaffirmed that Morocco’s sovereignty over the Sahara is non-negotiable, yet the country remains committed to constructive dialogue and regional stability.
. Conclusion: The Spirit of the Green March Lives On
The recovery of the Moroccan Sahara is more than a political achievement; it is a moral and historical victory that continues to inspire generations. Through wisdom, patience, and unity, Morocco transformed a colonial legacy into a model of peaceful liberation.
Today, the Sahara stands as a testament to Morocco’s commitment to peace, development, and national unity. The story of the Green March lives on — reminding the world that true strength lies not in force, but in faith, unity, and the pursuit of justice.
The Sahara is Moroccan — and it will remain Moroccan.
